We always welcome new readers to the blog, especially cordial non-libertarian readers. My post on Selwyn Duke's folly inspired the following comment from one of our newest readers. I understand many of his concerns and there are, in fact, entire books written to address them. I copied the comment below and I will add my comments in italics as well as some recommended reading by writers much smarter than I.
I love most of your article.
I disagree, however, with the assertion that the State is necessarily evil and can never be anything but bad. It's not the State that's the problem, and you basically show that you know this -- it's the people who misuse the State for their own twisted ends.
State is a tool. It's an artifical construct. It is true that it's an easily abused tool by those who would seek to abuse it, but then so are AK47's. I do not see why libertarians cannot or will not grasp this concept. If it's the people who are doing the killing and not the weapon, if it's the people making the spelling mistakes and not the pencil, then it's the people who are abusing the State's power and not the State itself.
I have encountered this metaphor of State as tool on many occasions. I feel that it is an inadequate analogy at best. The tool metaphor suggest that the State is a neutral institution that can be used for good or bad. This neglects the orgin of the State. States are not formed to govern people. States are formed in order to commit crime. The people who come together to form a State do so in order to systematically exploit other people. I recommend Albert J. Nock's Our Enemy, the State to understand the origins of this criminal institution. Nock also has a good discussion on the difference between a government and a State. Government might be conceived as a tool that could be used for good. States are not created for the good of any except the criminals who created them.
A shorter read, but also excellent, is Murray Rothbard's "Anatomy of the State".
The problem is the people. As long as there are people who want to use the State to violate the single fundamental right of the individual to make his own choices for himself, to force their opinions on others, we will never be genuinely free. It doesn't matter if we have a State or not. Get rid of the State. Go ahead. The abusive people will still be there, inventing new ways to continue to abuse people.
Yes, there will always be robbers and thieves. However, States institutionalize robbery and theft. Moreover, States encourage the aggressive tendencies of their agents. This is because States receive their income through taxation, i.e. forced payments. Since the agents of the State do not spend their own resources, they can be much more aggressive than otherwise. It is much easier to start a war when one does not have to pay for the war himself. On the other hand, if an individual wanted to start a war in a stateless society, he would have to pay the soldiers himself. Moreover, he would have to have enough wealth to sustain a battle. If he receives his money through the free exchange of goods and services, there is a good chance the people who trade with him will simply stop doing so, thus depriving him of income to pay his soldiers. As such, this individual probably won't start a war because the chances of winning are so small. A State, however, can simply increase taxes or implement a draft.
It is also important to point out that States are seen as legitimate by its citizens whereas criminal gangs are not. Thus, the abusive people will be seen as abusive in a stateless society. However, a State is successful because it has indoctrinated its citizens to believe that it is a legitimate institution. Thus, the citizens voluntarily make sacrifices for State wars. They would not do so if they saw the State as the criminal gang it truly is. I recommend Hans-Hermann Hoppe's The Myth of National Defense.
Yes, the use of the State to compel obedience to taxation and everything else (except the protection of rights) is wrong. It was not, however, the State that made itself into itself, but the willingness of the people under the State to vote for or tolerate or support abuse whenever it suited their questionable purposes.
Until people generally value liberty enough to want it so much for themselves that they are willing to let others be free, too, in spite of disagreements about personal life choices, it doesn't matter what system we have, or whether or not we have a system. We have a system now that is perfectly capable of self-correction, if only the people actually wanted it to be corrected. If everyone wanted to end the abuses of our system and actually support liberty, we would have that, even under our imperfect system. Even if only most of us wanted to end these abuses, or even just a lot of us, it would happen. But this is not the case. For example: A lot of liberals won't be satisfied until they've managed to change the mind of every conservative that it's OK to be gay. A lot of conservatives won't be satisfied until they've managed to force every gay person back into a well hidden closet or, better yet, eliminated them entirely. Both sides are correct to think of homosexuality as acceptable or unacceptable. The problem is the failure on both sides to accept that everyone is entitled to his opinion and to make this choice for himself. This one example demonstrates the general pattern perfectly. Convince people that it's their right to violate other people's rights, and then the real abusers can trample rights freely.
These comments point to the mystery of States: Why do people voluntarily submit to their rulers? Why don't people desire freedom? The best person to read on this is Etienne de la Boetie's The Discourse on Voluntary Servitude. I also recommend Hans-Hermann Hoppe's essay, "Natural, Elites, Intellectuals, and the State" and his lecture "The State, Intellectuals, and the Role of Anti-Intellectual Intellectuals". Robert Higgs' "The Political Economy of Fear" argues that fear is the foundation of all State power and I highly recommend it. Jeff Riggenbach's essay "The Milgram Experiment" discusses the famous experiment and applies Milgram's finding to State power. I would also recommend Hoppe's Democracy-The God that Failed for an explanation of how democracy corrupts the masses among other destructive characteristics of the State. For a witty demolition of democracy I recommend H. L. Mencken's Notes on Democracy.
So this, then, is my problem with libertarians. Ultimately, libertarians blame the tool and not the users. If only we got rid of the tool, they argue, we'd be free. We won't be, any more than making laws against gun possession will keep us safer from violent criminals.
See above. The State is not a tool. It is institutionalized criminality. There is simply no way that crime could ever be committed on the level it has been in human history without States. R. J. Rummel estimates that over 250 million people have been killed by their own governments since the beginning of the 1900s. He does not even include the number of people killed in wars between States. We would still have to guard against criminals in a stateless society. However, if the people actually desire freedom, they would see criminal behavior as criminal behavior. Instead they condemn private criminal behavior like the bank robber, but tolerate and in some cases even advocate public criminal behavior like the bankers who profited from the Bush and Obama bailouts. I recommend R. J. Rummel's Death by Government as a good empirical analysis of the carnage State's visit upon their own citizens.
Hi,
Thanks for your reply.
I spent some time thinking about your claim that "States are formed in order to commit crime", which is the fundamental point of your refutation, if I'm reading you correctly.
I don't agree with this.
It took me awhile to realize that you mean that the State was formed with taxation in mind, and that this is the crime you mean. Forced taxation is a crime, right?
The first thing that comes to mind is that I don't believe the intent of creating a new nation in these here United States was to exploit people but "the grand experiment".
The creation of the U.S. government is a great example of a State formed through deception. The stated intention of the Constitution's creators was to form a better government. The real intention of the Constitution's creators was to increase the power of the central government. This was the "flaw" of the Articles of Confederation that the drafters intended to "rectify". Once again I recommend Nock's Our Enemy, the State. He includes a section detailing the true intentions of the drafters. Another book I highly recommend is Kenneth Royce's Hologram of Liberty. I live-blogged the book as I read it. Here is Chapter 11. This post contains links to summaries of all the chapters and my introduction.